National security Essay

After the occurrence of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush signed a law, the PATRIOT Act. The PATRIOT Act made it easier for the law enforcement officials to use certain techniques such as wiretapping and other surveillance technologies to aid in the war against terrorism. The reason why this topic needs to be addressed is located in the following quote: â€Å"The probability that people are terrorists given that NSA’s system of surveillance identifies them as terrorists is only p=0.2308, which is far from one and well below flipping a coin. NSA’s [National Security Agency’s] domestic monitoring of everyone’s email and phone calls is useless for finding terrorists†(Rudmin, Alston P29). Many people argue that the government has gone too far with allowing violations of the Bill of Rights in the name of protecting the country from terrorists. Although some people argue that the government should use all means to fight against terrorism, the government should not be engaged in the surveillance of their citizens in the interests of national security because people expect privacy in their communications, travel and personal records and activities. Some people argue that the government should use all means to fight against terrorism. Alexander Hamilton, one of our nation’s founding fathers, believed that the government needed to have a free hand in protecting the people. â€Å"The power to protect the nation ought to exist without limitation, it is impossible to foresee or define the extend and variety of national exigencies, or the correspondent extent and variety of the means which may be necessary to satisfy them† (Yoo P7). Hamilton believed that the presidents power to protect the nation as commander in chief should not be limited. Many people and even parts of the government have adopted a slogan meant to ease worries over surveillance. â€Å"If you’ve got nothing to hide, you’ve got nothing to fear† (Solove P4). The intent of this is that you should not be afraid of the government examining every aspect of your life if you have done nothing wrong in the first place. The arguments present ed to support unlimited government powers of surveillance lend themselves to the end justifying any means. Many believe the best way to fight terrorism is to monitor everything passing through communications channels regardless of the source or destination. â€Å"The best way to find an al Qaeda operative is to look at all email, text and phone traffic between Afghanistan and Pakistan and the U.S. This might involve the filtering of innocent traffic, just as roadblocks and airport screenings do† (Yoo P5). In 2008, The United States Senate determined to do just that. The Protect America Act (PAA) expanded upon the FISA Act of 1978 (Federal Intelligence Surveillance Act) to allow more flexibility in monitoring internal communication for intelligence purposes. The Protect America Act substantially changes the intent and protections included in the original FISA Act. â€Å"The FISA Act was originally passed to prevent abuse, not allow for more of it†¦ conclusion that the Protect America Act is intended to reduce the ability of the original FISA legislation to preclude abuse† (Alston P35). The PAA allows for monitoring of communications without judicial warrant within the United States. The PAA also allows government agencies to compel telecommunications companies to provide access and information while at the same time protecting them from prosecution for violating privacy laws. â€Å"Failure to obey an order of the FISA Court may be punished as a contempt of court† (Alston P11). â€Å"The Act compels an action and simultaneously removes all responsibility for that action† (Alston P13). The FISA Court is not a judicial court, and meets in secrecy. Communications within the United States can now be monitored at the direction of a secret court without oversight from judicial courts and without recourse from those being monitored. Since the government wanted to inhibit the ability of terrorists to attack using commercial aircraft, the Transportation Safety Administration (TSA) added new airport security measures. The terrorist attacks resulted in many cases of racial and ethnic profiling. The victims of these accusations were mostly of a Middle Eastern descent. These people were subject to searches and interrogations, often without probable cause (ProQuest P1). In order to avoid claims of profiling, airport security checks include whole-body imagers, full pat-downs, and other screening measures for all travelers. Some of these measures violate the right to be secure in our person, while not necessarily improving safety. â€Å"Yet screeners routinely fail to discern the guns, knives, and other contraband their monitors show†¦ the distractions of whole-body imaging are considerably greater than anything in the average carry-on† (Akers P3). These new security measures do not inherently make our transportation more secure, and the distractions caused by some may actually make them less secure. In addition, these systems themselves may not be secure or exactly what they are represented to be. â€Å"The TSA has long denied that its gadgets retain the pictures they snap of us†¦ ‘have zero storage capability’, so the images cannot be stored transmitted or printed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kudwa). â€Å"We know from the website of one of the vendors that these machines can indeed store images† (Rotenberg). Indeed, images from these systems were subsequently published on the Internet, leading many to question the honesty of the TSA representatives and their vendors. While the government does indeed need to be able to protect the nation, they should do so without violating constitutional rights. Amendment 4 of the Constitution provides that, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, an no warrants issued, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be s eized† (US Constitution, A4). This basic guaranteed right is violated by intelligence monitoring of personal communications of citizens within the United States borders without a warrant. The PATRIOT Act also allows for search and seizure of private records without a judicial warrant under specific rules. â€Å"An FBI agent came to my office and handed me a letter. It demanded that I turn over information about one of my clients and forbade me from telling ‘any person’ that the government had approached me†¦ National security letters are issued by the FBI, not a judge, to obtain information† (Merrill P1-2). â€Å"This information is especially important since internal Justice Department investigations have found widespread violations of NSL rules by the FBI† (Merrill P7). This statement reveals that governmental agencies are pursuing private, protected information without obtaining a judicial warrant, hiding their actions behind gag orders with threats of imprisonment, and violatin g PATRIOT Act provisions for National Security Letters. The books Matched and Crossed, by Ally Condie, in many ways mirror what is happening in our country today with the use of surveillance of citizens by government. In the books, all personal communication, spoken or written, is monitored by Officials. These Officials are responsible for monitoring the morals and directing the future of their society. These Officials are similar to the many government agencies using surveillance to monitor the daily lives of citizens for â€Å"counter-terrorist† purposes. Every facet of daily life is monitored by the Officials and perceived wrongdoing subjects a citizen to social status change and removal from society. In America today, anyone can be searched without probable cause, and to be even suspected as a terrorist or sympathizer can result in imprisonment. In an even greater invasion of privacy, the Officials in the books monitor the very dreams of their citizens. We can only hope medical technology does not grant this capability to our government. Although some people argue that the government should fight terrorism with all methods, the government should not be violating the Bill of Rights. Government agencies, mostly working in secret and immune from warrants and judicial review, have been granted the ability to violate rights of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution in order to ensure our safety. â€Å"Those who would give up Essential Liberty to purchase a little Temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety† (Benjamin Franklin). United States citizens do not need to relinquish our freedom or rights for safety against terrorists. â€Å"Perhaps the best way to ensure that the act remains faithful to fundamental American values is to insist on greater transparency and oversight† (Sales P17). The government should work to protect us from terrorists and other threats, but can do so without violating the rights of citizens granted by the Constitution. Works Cited Akers, Becky. â€Å"Whole-Body Imaging: Intrusion Without Security.† Freeman Vol. 60, No. 4 May 2010: n. pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. . Condie, Ally. Crossed. New York: Dutton Books, 2011. Print. – – -. Matched. New York: Dutton Books, 2010. Print. Merrill, Nicholas. â€Å"The Patriot Act’s War on Free Speech.† Washington Post 26 Oct. 2011: A. 19. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. ProQuest Staff. â€Å"At Issue: National Security and Privacy.† ProQuest LLC. SIRS Issues Researcher, 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. . Sales, Nathan A. â€Å"The Patriot Act Isn’t Broken.† Christian Science Monitor 6 Mar. 2009: n. pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. . Solove, Daniel J. â€Å"Why Privasy Metter Even if You Have ‘Nothing to Hide.’† Chronicle of Higher Education 15 May 2011: n. pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Yoo, John. â€Å"Why We Endorsed Warrantless Wiretraps.† Wall Street Journal 16 July 2009: A. 13. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. .

Argumentative Essay the Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz

A man must pursue his dreams. This is certainly true for everyone in humankind, for if there were no dreams, there would be no reason to live. Duddy Kravitz understands this perfectly, which is why he is one of the most ambitious young men of his time. From the moment he hears his grandfather say, â€Å"A man without land is nobody,†(44) he is prepared to seek the land of his dream, no matter what the cost would be. This ambition of his is very respectable, but unfortunately his methods are damnable.Duddy is a relentless pursuer, a formidable competitor but also a ruthless manipulator. It is true that he has obtained all the land that he desires at the end, but he succeeds through immoral, despicable and contemptible means. It is clear then, that Duddy has failed in his apprenticeship and has become the â€Å"scheming little bastard† that Uncle Benjy has warned him against. There is no doubt that Duddy is very shrewd and clever, but his lack of moral principles attribut es to his final failure. In fact, his immorality can be traced back to a very young age.During his study in the parochial school, he already earns money through methods that hardly comply with virtues of any kind. Taking advantage of the fact that minors cannot be sued in Canada, Duddy defrauds stamp companies and sells stolen hockey sticks. Perhaps he cannot distinguish right from wrong; perhaps he does not care, but nonetheless it is improper for him to engage himself into these kinds of activities. Duddy emerges himself deeper into the sea of corruption when he establishes Dudley Kane Enterprises.With his limited knowledge of movie making and his mistaken trust in John Friar, his firm produces bar-mitzvah films of extremely poor quality. The bar-mitzvah film for Mr. Cohen, for example, is obviously a failing product. â€Å"Duddy didn't say a word all through the screening but afterwards he was sick to his stomach,†(149). After the screening, Duddy says to Mr. Friar,  "I could sell Mr. Cohen a dead horse easier than this pile of —,†(149). However, realizing the obvious faultiness of the film, Duddy does not talk candidly to his client.Instead, he untruthfully says that the film is a phenomenal piece of art and that he is entering it into the Cannes Festival. By doing so, he deceives the Cohen family into buying the appalling bar-mitzvah film of Bernie. As a matter of fact, Kravitz is not only skilful in handling situations, but he is also very apt in manipulating people. This can be clearly seen in his relationships with Virgil and Yvette. Duddy is never loved in his family, so originally Duddy is quite content to know that there is someone who cares about him, Yvette.He finds great companionship in her and acquires a feeling of fulfillment in himself in her presence. But as time passes by, Yvette becomes nothing but a tool to him. He uses her as a medium through which he can buy the land that he lusts for; because he is a minor and he cannot legally own land, thus getting the deeds under her name. â€Å"The farmers would be wary of a young Jew, they might jack up prices or even refuse to sell, but another French-Canadian would not be suspect,†(99). Duddy also treats her as a sexual toy.He makes love with Yvette whenever he wants it, but he does not take Yvette's feelings into consideration: â€Å"Yvette wanted to wait, but Duddy insisted, and they made love on the carpet,†(193). He never pays any respect to Yvette and he does â€Å"he hasn’t the first notion of how to treat a woman,†(164). Not only does he use her sexually and financially but also mentally. Duddy has no love for Yvette, which is shown in various occasions, one being while having a conversation with his comrade. â€Å"Listen,† he said, â€Å"what kind of friend are you?You must know lots of nice Jewish girls in Outremont. Why don’t you ever fix me up? † â€Å"What about Yvette? † Bernie as ked, embarrassed. â€Å"Yvette? I could never marry her. She’s my Girl Friday,† (232). This shows how he has come to use Yvette as nothing but a tool, fooling her in making her believe that he actually loves her. With Virgil, Duddy takes advantage of his physical disabilities. After selling the pinball machines that Virgil brought him to ease his financial troubles, Duddy does not want to repay Virgil.Using the fact that Virgil is an epileptic and that it is very difficult for him to be hired, Duddy employs him as a driver But Duddy tells him that a truck would be necessary for the task, and that he can provide Virgil with the perfect vehicle for one thousand dollars, the exact amount that he owes Virgil, even though he is getting free of charge. Virgil is innocent enough not to know what is happening. Knowing this, Duddy doesn’t take into account that if Virgil encounters and accident, he can be sued for everything he has.He is also very grateful and flattered to know that Mr. Kravitz is willing to hire him. He accepts the job immediately, and thus, Duddy does not need to reimburse Virgil. It is quite ironic that Duddy, being such a good manipulator of people, is later being used by his Bohemian friends when they come to his apartment every night to party, eat and drink, all at Duddy's expense. After Duddy has engaged himself into all kinds of deceitful activities, he is bankrupt and is on the verge of a mental breakdown.At that point, Uncle Benjy's letter reveals to Duddy that he must make a very serious decision: â€Å"There's more to you than mere money-lust, Duddy, but I'm afraid for you. You're two people, that’s why. The scheming little bastard I saw so easily and the fine, intelligent boy underneath that your grandfather, bless him, saw. But you're coming of age soon and you'll have to choose. A boy can be two, three, four potential people, but a man is only one. He murders the others. † (287) Duddy must now choose th e way that he will live on for the rest of his life.He may continue on to live the way that he has always lived and be a complete amoral criminal, or he can abandon his money-lust and become a fine shrewd gentleman. The time has come for him to choose what is to become of him. But at this point, Duddy performs the most dirty, sickening and contemptible act in his apprenticeship. He forges Virgil's cheque in order to buy the final parcel of land: â€Å"Duddy took a quick look at Virgil's bank balance, whistled, noted his account number and ripped out two cheques. He forged the signature by holding the cheque and a letter Virgil had signed up to the window and tracing slowly,†(316).This is a clear indication that Duddy has chosen to become the inconsiderate â€Å"scheming little bastard†. He has murdered all the other good possibilities of himself. Duddy has obviously chosen the wrong kind of man to be. He has chosen to become a crooked person, a corrupted chap, and a ru thless man. Undoubtedly, Duddy is a very keen and intuitive young man. He can calmly and gracefully settle Lennie's problems with Mr. Calder. He can also tactfully and intelligently get Aunt Ida going back to Montreal to see the dying Uncle Benjy.Duddy has all the qualities that are needed for him to succeed in society; it is only a matter of time. Unfortunately, Duddy chooses the wrong path at a young age and continues on with that path to his adulthood. He ends up being a terrible failure. Perhaps his lack of discipline from his early years is one of the most important attributes to his tragic fall in The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz. ID: 0014464 Argumentative Essay The Fail in the Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz By: Anchal Joshi For: Ms. Tozzi Date: 11/11/2010

Beling reflective about 1 article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beling reflective about 1 - Article Example In this program, she initiated that traditional assessment measures are accompanied with additional measures, classrooms are to be differentiated, and development is enhanced through preparatory services, early intervention and parent outreach. One of Robinson's critiques is Margie K. Kitano. Kitano debunked the premises in Robinson's action plan through her paper "Gifted potential and poverty: A call for extraordinary action." Instead of saying that income level produces social inequality, she pointed at the complexity of the situation, particularly in migration, that indeed, it is almost difficult to separate the two from each other. She therefore said that undermining the importance of the racial factor would indeed "not solve society's unsolved problems." Instead also of claiming that the source of the reduction in the proportion of identified gifted but economically disadvantaged children is the negatives effects of poverty, she cited the work of Brooks-Gunn and Duncan (1997) that environmental conditions outside the family have a major impact on the quality of life of these children, and therefore this problem is rooted not on the family conditions per se, but the assessment procedures in which these children are bei ng selected.

The Development of The Dadaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Development of The Dadaism - Essay Example The essay "The Development of The Dadaism" explores the Graphic Design and the Connection to Dadaism. In looking at the development of Dadaism, its origins and theoretical concepts, one can make a close association with contemporary graphic design development. The most difficult thing about discussing Dada is that those who created the work that they proclaimed Dada, all had differing definitions and vague referencing to what would define it. In fact, a lack of definition is at the core of what became the Dada movement. However, as in all things, time has created some context from which the Dada period can be referenced. As well, the core of the philosophies that were developed during the time was a sense that the world was in turmoil and that an anarchists ideal was what was needed to strike a note against the corruptions and political climates that had contributed to World War. In fact, Dadaists created a manifesto to discuss the ‘demands’ of the movement toward promot ing change. Richard Huelsenbeck and Raoul Hausmann created a manifest that outlined the principles and expectations of the Dadaists on society. Within the manifest were such demands as the immediate mechanization of all labor so that mankind could be free to think and create, as well as the immediate seizure of all land so that property was no longer valued and food was dispersed to all people. While based on Marxian theory, some anarchists did not actually join the Communist Party, while others did in protest of the bourgeoisie.

User Interfaces Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

User Interfaces - Assignment Example As an operator settles on the kind of interface to use they should endeavor to make it easy, enjoyable and efficient. There are three main types of user interfaces including web based interface, which requires for the user to accept the input and provide the output, the command line interface where the user offers inputs by typing command strings and the system provides output and the graphical user interface whereby the user gives commands through the selection and clicking on icons that are displayed on the screen (Mandel, 1997). In the past, computer software was designed without considering the end users of the same. Today, it is becoming increasingly important to consider them otherwise it may not offer much help, as users interact more frequently with them. Graphic user interface usually relies more on the mouse. It is for example, the type of interface that is used in any version of the Windows Operating System. It is mainly used because it requires less expert knowledge to use and it is very easy to navigate, for instance it is possible for one to look through the folders and files in it quickly (Wilson, 2012). It is mainly disadvantaged because it has fewer options as compared to other interfaces, and it has fewer options for customization. It is not very easy to use only one button for many variations (Mandel, 1997). Graphic user interfaces are very common in modern computing. Touch screens are models of the same that replace the mouse. The web based user interface is the one used to foster the interaction between the user and software that is running on a web server. It is the web browser and web page that it has downloaded and then rendered (Mandel, 1997). It can also be defined as a programming connection to the internet. It contains features such as multiuser or concurrent access and granular administration. Users are able to log on to and to navigate through web browsers such as

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 78

History - Essay Example This year is considered unique because people started to rebel over very little issues. All the people had the same capacity to desire to rebel and it was something that had not been planned or organized. The issue rebel wasantipathy for authoritarianism and a sense of estranged from the established order. According Kurlansky this is the year television was shaping most of the events apart from reporting of events all around then whole world. This is the time public demonstrationswere being presented†¦ for television. It is very few people were that were needed to fill the frame of a TV camera .It happens that Martin Luther king together with his media understanding brothers had got the message first and demonstrations had become a common events on American campus by 1968.Mingle the worry of the cold war. Horror against the men that were old in power and the crippled society that sustained them, fundamental distaste to the Vietnamese conflict, and someone had a cocktail of reque sts ready mixed .People met through the television viewing picture of each other on the screen. There was no established relationship between each other but there was a relationshipwith what their imagination gave from viewing pictures of each other. The action of cameras and lights made young people to have moods; some people ended up to pave stones lunged at an established order too foolish to convert the other side. Bobby Kennedy already saw his followers sliding when he died. This made everyone to believe that Bobby Kennedy could not have won. On 4th April 1968 after Martin Luther King was killed howlers started in the areas of black inhabitants all across the America. Unlike in inidianapolls where there was a lot of peace, may be in some parts because another national leader who was respected by the blacks was in the city the day of riots. On 4th April 1968 Bobby Kennedy decided to speak and he called a meeting and informed the people that he had bad

Parenting isnt for everyone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parenting isnt for everyone - Research Paper Example Good parenting provides the children with values, morals, ideas and attitudes; while, there is also bad parenting that tends to ruin their whole personalities. To grow into responsible citizens, children want security and affection which is only provided by those parents who are actually willing to be parents and do the tough job of raising kids. Parenting is the process that requires the most patience that one can have because kids are not understanding by nature, and it is a very tactful job to handle them by making them understand little issues. This is why it is believed that everybody does not have what it takes to handle the pressures of raising children, which can lead some to choosing other options. In order to give the reader an idea why parenting is not a favorable choice made by many parents, it is important to discuss first what the pressures of raising children actually are that lead parents to go for other options rather than parenting. The biggest pressure for the parents is that they have to devote themselves whole heartedly to their children. They have to make their life schedules flexible enough to work with their children’s routine. In an intention to fit everything into their busy lives, they start directing their children instead of dealing with them, and this robes them of their personalities, which increases their dependency on their parents. This leaves the parents more stressed out. Parents have to work hard to make both ends meet especially when there is more than one child. They have to cater to their children’s physical and emotional demands no matter how much tired they may be. They have to sacrifice their sleep. They have to plan out their va cations according to children’s comfort. They have to think about providing proper accommodation to the children. Having children puts a hurdle to one’s freedom and increases

Applied Linguistis - Structure of English - grammar Essay

Applied Linguistis - Structure of English - grammar - Essay Example It specifies the intricacies of English grammar relatively to other languages such as French language wherein the rules of grammar have been codified, signifying the higher degree of freedom in English grammar. Sample examination of L1 and L2 non-native students (NNSs) indicates that they use simple sentences formed with be-copula as the main verbs. This essay attempts an analysis of the reasons behind this tendency in non-native L2 students in general and Arabian students in particular by offering a comparison of the essay writings of both native learners and non-native learners. Problems of Arabic L1 and L2 students related to grammar are specifically discussed with possible causes and recommendations to avoid the errors of grammar. The Meaning of ‘grammar’ The grammar in English has various meanings; the prevalent meaning is inclusion of syntax and aspects of morphology in ‘grammar’. Morphology deals with internal mechanisms of words that covers Inflectio ns such as ‘bought’, the past tense, is the Inflection of the verb ‘buy’ and when it is written in interrogative form of the sentence ‘He bought it’, changed to ‘Did he buy it?’ [Syntax], it becomes a part of grammar. In some English speaking countries, the word ‘grammar’ is used flexibly by considering spelling and lexicology a part of grammar (Quirk et al., 1985). Rules of grammar and the native speaker The native speaker of English language imbibes the rules of grammar without acknowledging them but finds it difficult to explain. The same is not true when a foreign language is learnt, as the learning process is based on complex rule sets, which are not ambiguous because the grammarians themselves have codified the rules as there is the Academy Grammar in French but nothing of that sort is available in English language, therefore, the level of freedom is high in the usage of English grammar (Quirk et al., 1985). Idea of a language is more important to convey in English grammar than the statement as it has its own sets of codes to follow. Hinkel (2003) examination of 1.083 L1 and L2 texts proves that higher non-native-English-speaking students in U.S. universities use extra-ordinarily simple syntactic and lexical sentences, like be-copula as the main verb; predicative adjectives; uncommon nouns; and public, private and expecting/tentative verbs with average frequency rates critically greater than given in basic texts by native English speakers. An evaluation of bulk corpus analyses accomplished in the last two decades shows that these expressions are common in talkative and informal discussions in stead of the written study texts. Causes for the practice of easy syntactic and lexical traits of text in L2 study essays are analysed besides introducing instructional techniques to manage the drawbacks in naturalistic and communicative L2 learning and instructional ways for L2 students pursuing studi es. The L2 study essays written by non-native English speakers (NNSs) indicate the deterioration in the standard in comparison to the academic essays written by native speakers (NSs). The overall writing standard of non-native L1 and L2 students’ texts can be raised by finding the easy syntactical and lexical sentences. The findings indicate that be-copula as the leading verb of a sentence is randomly used along with predicative adjectives. The random usage of be-copula verb even in advanced L1 and L2 essay writing affects the frequency rates of nouns and

Judges, independence and the Power of Common Law Essay

Judges, independence and the Power of Common Law - Essay Example flict since this can be used by officials as a mechanism for imposing their own perspective and making it a matter of judicial policy (Ferejohn, 1999). The common conception of judiciary officials being independent refers to their ability to take action and make judicial rulings with impunity, but judges are, in fact, institutionally dependent on Congress and the president for jurisdictional rulings and carrying out of judicial orders (Ferejohn, 1999). In essence, the dependence of judicial accord on the outer machinations of the greater body of governance implements a system of checks and balances into the legislative form intended to disallow abuse of power; however, the positive functioning of JI is powered by the public belief in the efficacy of the system and its ability to mete out justice accordingly. Economic Effect of JI The strength of JI is based on the public opinions of the citizens served by the official legislative body. In this respect, JI refers to the state’s ability to protect the rights and property of the people from others, including the government (Feld & Voigt, 2003). In this respect, the relevancies of de iure and de facto JI must be examined to evaluate their impact on the economic structure and overall stability of the country (Feld & Voigt, 2003). Essentially, de iure represents the letter of the law while de facto deals with how the judge has affected the law during his/her tenure and the actual collective experiences of the country (Feld & Voigt, 2003). Where de iure has been determined to have no impact on a country’s actual financial functionality, as determined through measure of the GDP growth, de facto JI positively influences the financial aspects of a country’s growth (Feld & Voigt, 2003). Summarily, the independence exhibited... This essay focuses on interconnection between judges and the concepts of the Judicial Independence and the power of Common Law. In the upholding of public laws and statutes, each nation has sovereignty, endorsed by the United Nations, which allows judiciary officials to preside over legal matters in the interest of maintaining peace and order. Such judicial independence (JI) has bearings on numerous aspects that affect the functionality of a country, such as their economic structure, conflict resolution, and allocation of correctional measures when laws have been broken. Although some judicial tribunals are dependently selected to preside over certain matters and others are independently selected to serve for a specified amount of time, both mechanisms essentially serve the same purpose, which is to arbitrate and pass binding judgments to punish criminal activity and resolve disputes, which in some cases may create precedents that translate into new legislation. To this effect, JI is intended to provide judges the freedom to make decisions without pressure or inducements from affected parties to resolve matte rs in their favor or be forced to later defend the decisions they make and requires a solid system of checks and balances to ensure that legislative officials are not being unduly manipulated. The paper concludes that, in order to be effective, judges must have impunity in handing down their edicts and these decisions are strengthened by the constitutional and legislative support received.

Nationalism And Sectionalism Essay Example for Free

Nationalism And Sectionalism Essay The Era of Good Feeling: The Effects and Consequences of Nationalism and Sectionalism In 1815, shortly before the start of James Monroe’s presidency and after the War of 1812, a historical period known as the â€Å"Era of Good Feeling† commenced in America. However, though the name of this age alone insinuated a time of unity and prosperity within the nation, sectionalism became an unequivocal dilemma that seeped through the government’s attempts in promoting nationalism, and ultimately divided the country. The Era of Good Feeling was a time where only one political party reigned, sense of unity prevailed, and national pride was evident within the citizens. This post ­war nationalism fueled the country to work towards a common goal, and even encouraged creation of traditions that would be passed down generations. The McCulloch v. Maryland case in 1819 exhibits government’s attempt in putting up a unified front to further promote nationalism. In this case, the Congress’ power is questioned when the ruling prevented states from outlawing or taxing the national bank, as Maryland tried to do. The document states, â€Å"The power of the general government, it has been said, are delegated by the states, who alone are truly sovereign† (Document 4). However, the outcome of the case only came to show that the federal government had more power compared to the state government, and thus portrayed a stronger, unified system. In Document 3, people are portrayed to be celebrating Independence Day on the fourth of July within the same year of the case. This depicts the effect that national pride had, bringing together multiple races, genders, social classes, and age groups to celebrate the country’s independence. Furthermore, this era also brought forth a fundamental period in Am erica known as the Industrial Revolution. This introduced market economy to the population and transitioned America to manufacturing processes that brought economic benefits to the north. Market economy not only changed the way people worked, but also the way they lived, as it divided labor, based work in factories, and opened new markets like the American Fur Company. Due to the prior Embargo Act, merchants also invested in national local manufacturing, and thus allowed for the rapid development of urban districts and increase in population. It brought wealth to the North’s market ­based economy but contradicted with the South’s focus on an agricultural economy that depended on slaves. One of the most significant developments within the country was introduced shortly after the War of 1812, by politician Henry Clay, as the American System. The plan promoted a system in which the South was seen to be the producer of raw goods, North for the manufacturing, while the West as the breadbasket of the country. It consisted of three parts: the development of canals, road systems and railroads, creation of a protective tariff, and the reinstating of the Bank of U.S.. The North prospered from the creation of the tariff as it helped develop the manufacturing economy. The West, on the other hand, benefitted from the creation of road and canal system, a plan supported by John C. Calhoun, in order to prevent disunion within the rapidly growing country, (Document 2). These developments in transportation allowed for easier distribution of goods, thus benefitting them as well. However, the protective tariff prevented the South’s economy from growing, thus leading to an evident economic gap between the North and the South, as the former’s economy started to boom due to the increase in manufacturing.

Larval Cyathostomes in Horse: Case Study Report

Larval Cyathostomes in Horse: Case Study Report A two-year-old Dutch Warmblood gelding presented with extreme weight loss and diarrhoea in December. The horse had been at pasture with seven others for the last three months with daily supplementary hay. The horse was rugged and had not been closely examined for six weeks however had been observed eating on a daily basis. On the day of admission to the hospital the horse had been seen standing alone, in-appetent with severe diarrhoea. On arrival to the hospital the horse was quiet, alert and responsive, body condition score 1/9 (284kg bwt). There was faecal staining down the hindquarters and tail. The heart rate and respiratory rate were elevated (76 beats per minute and 20 breaths per minute). Mucus membranes were pink and moist with a capillary refill time of 2seconds. Gastrointestinal sounds were increased. Skin tent was extremely prolonged, indicating significant dehydration. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a fluid filled colon and caecum with good SI motility and no evidence of bowl thickening. Although no abnormalities were detected per rectum, upon completion of the examination a large number of cyathostome larvae were visible on the rectal sleeve. Faecal analysis was negative for strongyle eggs. The significant clinicopathological abnormalities are presented below: Fibrinogen 6.3g/L (1.8-3.7g/L) Serum Amyloid A (SAA) 180mg/L ( Haematocrit (HCT) 45.1% (24-44%) Albumin 15g/L (31-38g/L) Blood lactate 3.1mmol/L (0.2-0.7mmol/L) Problem list Acute weight loss Poor body condition Diarrhoea Dehydration Differential diagnosis for diarrhoea Infectious: Samonellosis, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridia difficile, Lawsonia intracellularis, Parasitic: Strongylosis, larval cyathostomiasis Toxic: NSAID Miscellaneous: carbohydrate overload, sand enteropathy Due to the horse’s age, number of horses at pasture and poor worming history the most likely diagnosis was a larval cyathostomosis. Although the faecal worm egg count was negative this does not take into account the encysted burden of worms and therefore cannot rule out infection. The presence of red worm larvae on the rectal sleeve following rectal examination indicates the presence of larvae. An intravenous catheter was placed and maintainance fluids were administered to rectify the dehydration. 4L of plasma (Hypermune, Veterinary Immunogenics) was also given to provide anti-endotoxic and colloidal support. Dexamethasone (Dexadresson, Intervet) 0.05mg/kg IV every other day was administered initially. The horse was also started on fenbendazole (FBZ) (Panacur Guard) 7.5mg/kg SID for 5days. Additional supportive therapy included free access to palatable feed and fresh water. The following day, the horse was quiet with a moderate appetitite. Faeces became more watery so treatment with di-tri-octahedral smectite (Biosponge, Platinum Performance)1g/kg q6hrs per nasogastric tube and codeine phosphate (Codeine Phosphate, Crescent Pharma) 1mg/kg PO TID was started and adjusted daily according to faecal consistency. On day 3 the horse appeared slightly colicky and appetite reduced. Treatment with a single dose of flunixin meglumine (Finadyne, MSD Animal Health) 1.1mg/kg improved signs of abdominal pain. The following day the horse was brighter and appetite improved. The intravenous fluids were discontinued. At this point dexamethasone was replaced by oral prednisolone (Equisolon, Boerhinger Ingleheim) 1mg/kg PO SID. The diarrhoea improved over the following two days and on day 6 the codeine and biosponge were also discontinued. On day 7 of hospitalisation the horse was given moxidectin (MOX) (Equest, Pfizer) 0.4mg/kg to treat any parasites resistant to the fenbendazole therapy. A further blood sample on day 10 revealed improvement in HCT, fibrinogen and SAA. The albumin remained low at 15g/L but considering the horse’s dehydration on admission, this was slightly improved and would be expected to take weeks to return to a normal range. The horse was discharged. At this point the horse had a good appetite, was very bright and was passing normal droppings. Weight had increased from 284kg on admission to 305kg. Discussion Strongylid round worm, subfamily Cyathostominae, and infestation may affect up to 100% of pastured animals (Tolliver et al, 1987, Lyons et al, 1999, Lind et al, 2003). In adult horses, the disease is usually asymptomatic or observed in sub-clinical forms however in horses, which have not been treated, treated infrequently or are on heavily grazed pasture can reach hundreds of thousands (Chapman et al, 2003, Gasser et al, 2004). The most common clinical manifestation of cyathosome infection is associated with acute larval cyathostomosis (Murphy et al, 1997). The poor worming history, minimal pasture management and heavily grazed pasture in this case indicated that this was likely. As with this case larval cyathostomosis is usually diagnosed in horses of 1-3years of age and is most commonly associated with severe weight loss, weakness, acute or chronic diarrhoea, subcutaneous oedema, pyrexia and colic (Lyons et al, 2000). In the UK age ( The blood results in this case alongside the diarrhoea and weight loss indicated a protein losing enteropathy. A decrease in total protein levels, particularly albumin, and neutrophilia are common presentations of horses infested with cyathostomes (Steinbach et al, 2006). The synchronous reactivation of the encysted larvae (EL3) into the gut lumen can cause extensive bowl inflammation which can not only result in enteral protein loss and impaired nutrient absorption, but also entrance of bacterial toxins into the tissues (Abbot, 1998, Giles et al, 1985 and Reid et al, 1995). This can be fatal in up to 50% of cases (Love et al, 1999). The plasma administered in this case aimed to provide colloidal support due to the reduced albumin, and act as an anti-endotoxic agent (Tennant-Brown, 2011). The debilitated condition the horse was in in this case led to consideration of the most appropriate treatment. There is a concern over worsening of a horses condition following administration of anthelmintics, however there is a balance between this and a delay in treatment leaving sufficient time for recovery following anthelmintic treatment (Johns, 2014). Johns (2014) describes the potential for using fenbendazole in severely emaciated horses. The concern with determining treatment is that the mucosal stages constitute the major cyathostomin burden, which is not particularly susceptible to most anthemintics (Love and Mckeand 1997). Chemotherapeutic strategies are not always successful in severe cases however the main two drugs licensed treatments for encysted larvae are FBZ or MOX. The initial treatment used in this case was Fenbendazole 7.5mg/kg bwt administered daily for 5 consecutive days. It has been shown to provide >95% efficacy vs. total mucosal larvae, including >91% efficacy against inhibited EL3 (Duncan et al, 1998). A single dose of moxidectin 0.4 mg/kg bwt was administered on day 7. This has been shown to have a persistent effect and be effective against all life cycle stages, including 90.8% efficacy against EL3 (Reinemyer et al, 2003). There have been limited reports of resistance and as such is recommended for the treatment of larval cyathostominosis (Reinemyer et al, 2003 and Molento et al, 2008). The reason for this follow treatment with moxidectin is due to the world wide prevalence of FBZ resistance, and even 5day courses at 7.5 or 10mg/kg bwt cannot overcome this resistance (Tarigo-Martinie et al, 2001). Although there is little research to support it, clinicians often choose to treat larval cyathostomes with a 5day course of fenbendazole followed by moxidectin. Reasoning behind this maybe due to FBZ killing larvae at a slower rate and therefore avoids a severe anaphylactic reaction associated with larval death. Also due to the resistance seen with fenbendazole, it leads to a ‘belt and braces’ approach to remove the encysted parasites. A concern with moxidectin is the risk of toxicity in severely-debilitated horses. Because of its highly lipophilic nature, moxidectin can become highly concentrated in the serum of animals with little body fat, such as this case, which increases the risk of neurotoxicity as it able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is described in the literature (Johnson et al, 1999 and Muller et al, 2003). In many reported cases clinical signs have been evident following treatment of affected horses, a syndrome thought to be due to the inflammatory reaction associated with parasite death. A study performed by Steinbach et al, (2006) found a five-day course of fenbendazole caused extensive inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal wall associated with parasite death. However moxidectin treatment led to disintegration of larvae without the severe inflammatory response which supports the use of the latter drug in treatment of clinical cases, and questions the treatment protocol used in this case (Steinbach et al, 2006). Anthelmintic treatment is often administered alongside steroid therapy, which is important if heavy larval loads are suspected as with this case. The inflammatory reaction created by parasite death is often managed with corticosteroid treatment. Often treatment is started prior to larvicidal medication particularly if heavy larval loads are suspected. This aims to prevent acute exacerbation of the disease by rapid death of encysted larvae (Church et al, 1986). Church et al (1986) found that the administration of steroids alongside the anthelmintics lead to a synergistic drug effect. The corticosteroid lessens the immune mechanisms contributing to larval arrestment allowing the mucosal larvae to resume maturation and therefore more susceptible to the action of anthelmintics (Church et al, 1986). Although there has been no further evidence for its use, in clinical practice there appears to be a therapeutic advantage with cyathostomosis cases in giving oral corticosteroid concurrently w ith anthelmintics (Love and McKeand, 1997). As this was a concern in this case corticosteroid treatment was used alongside anthelmintic therapy. Codeine Phosphate although not licensed in horses, was used in this case to provide symptomatic relief of diarrhoea. It works by reducing gastrointestinal secretions and delaying intestinal transit. There was improvement seen in faecal consistency after 48hours and the dose was altered accordingly (Murphy et al, 1997). Studies are currently underway to develop a diagnostic assay to allow the detection and quantification of mucosal cyathostomes to allow for targeted treatment (Proudman and Matthews, 2000). FEC underestimate the true parasite burden when larval populations predominate and luminal adult burdens are low (Dowdall et al, 2002). This was seen in this case where the FEC was negative however the clinical signs and presence of larval on the rectal sleeve all suggested larval cyathstomiasis. The successful outcome in this case supported the treatment protocol used. However after consideration of the literature it would be prudent to question whether moxidectin alongside corticosteroid therapy would provide less intestinal inflammation, reducing the severity of clinical signs alongside ensuring the death of the encysted parasites.

The Crimean War :: European Europe History

The Crimean War The Crimean War started because France and Russia wanted control over the Middle East and surrounding areas. The war lasted from 1856 to 1858, just under two years. The more important parts of the war are the causes and events that led up to it, the battle of the Alma, the naval wars of various seas and Sevastopol, the heavily fortified base of the Russian fleet. MLV Ffrench Blake states that the main cause of the war was "Russia's desire for territorial expansion, particularly towards a port in the Mediterranean." (Blake 1). He also believes that the inevitable drift into the war was aggravated by the back and forth nature of the rulers of the opposing countries and bad diplomacy. The immediate excuses of the war were for protection of oppressed minorities and retaliation against the death of nationalists in religious riots. Philip Warner believes that the main cause of the war was that Britain and Russia were both large countries and only one of them would be able to prevail. At the time, Britain was a country that stretched all the way to India and they couldn't afford to have line of communication through the Middle East cut. Russia spanned an entire eight million square miles. "However, the looseness and backwardness of their territories did not stop the Russians from wishing to extend their influence." (Warner 5). Albert Seaton believes that the Tsar Nicholas did not want war, but it was part of his political strategy to bring Europe to the brink of hostilities in order to intimidate those who opposed him. "He would undoubtedly have taken even greater risks if only France and Turkey had been involved, but he was worried by the close interest taken by the British in the Middle East, for the islanders were already openly assessing the armed strengths there and did not conceal their low opinion of the value of the Black Sea Fleet." (Seaton 42). Philip Warner believes that the battle of the Alma occurred because Sebastopol, Russia's heavily fortified base, had no proper defences and it was decided that the part of the Russian army would be sent to completely stop or at least slow down the Allied Army at Alma. The Russians and the Allies both set up very planned out and strategic formations, but they just ended up attacking each other head on. For some reason, Menschikov, the commander of the Russian army, didn't bring in his reserves.

Colgate-Palmolive :: Oral Hygiene Industry

WS1 CP Paper Colgate-Palmolive has been a leader in household and personal care products. In 1991 the company planned new product launches while planning to venture into new markets (Quelch & Laidler, 2011). The company’s plan worked and now the company offers products from oral hygiene products to dish soap to dog food. This paper will discuss the company’s mission. This paper will also discuss a SWOT analysis which according to Kotler and Keller (2009) is â€Å"the overall evaluation of a business’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.† Mission A mission statement should be clear and thoughtful. A mission statement should also provide employees with a sense of purpose and direction (Kotler & Keller, 2009). According to Colgate (2011) the company’s mission statement is â€Å" to provide Colgate with a significant competitive advantage by reducing total delivered costs, extending technology resources and developing excellence in purchasing, logistics and sourcing processes.† The company has been successful in its mission and accomplishing its goals. Strengths Colgate-Palmolive has been a strong force in the oral hygiene industry. The company has many strengths that have contributed to the company’s success. The company has become a global leader with seventy five percent of sales coming from international operations (Colgate, 2011). The company has built strong brand recognition over the years. According to Sekar and Thomas (2008) â€Å"brand differentiation is now becoming an important tactic for combating competition in the hostile marketplace.† While price is important, brand is also an important influence for consumers (Chain Drug Review, 2010). Another influence is product positioning. Colgate-Palmolive has been successful in positioning their products in stores and displaying more skus than other brands. The company has a focus on new product development and innovation. Products range from oral hygiene products to pet foods. The company sells high margin products that they are able to produce at a low cost to the company (Datamonitor, 2011). Colgate-Palmolive’s financial strategy has helped the company to achieve great success. Weaknesses Although the company has many strengths the company does have some weaknesses. While the company remains the market leader in Ireland (Checkout, 2008), the company has experienced a decrease in sales in other European countries (Datamonitor, 2011). This decrease could be the result of less spending on advertising compared to the company’s competitors (DeSanto, 2010).

Persuasive Essay on John Proctor from the Crucible Essay

Who is John Proctor? Is he is a hero, a villain, a conqueror? Some may think he is craven, but others may credit him with great fortitude. This brave man was one of many who died for what he believed in. Although many people tried to persuade him to do otherwise, he stood his ground and died an innocent man. John had many reasons for choosing what he did. At first he was going to confess to save his life and be with his family. When Danforth made him sign the paper so he could post it on the Church doors, Proctor lost it. â€Å"It is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!† is something he yelled to the court right after signing the paper. It was his name that they were taking away from him and it was the only one he will ever get. His sons will carry on that name, and if they post his it up for everyone to see, his good name will be ruined. Proctor is looking out for his sons, so they can carry on the family name with good reputation. Proctor had a right to not want his name up on the church doors. He didn’t want everybody seeing that he had confessed that he was a witch. John is supposed to be the guy everyone in the town looks up to. He didn’t want them seeing that he had committed a sin just so he could keep his life. He felt there was no need for them to use him to get other people to follow in his steps and lie. Proctor said to the court, â€Å" You will not use me! I am no Sarah Good or Tituba, I am John Proctor! You will not use me! It is no part of salvation that you should use me!† As a result of all this anger, John rips up the paper he signed. That being the case, John Proctor was hanged for the assumptions of being a witch. I know you all are outraged by the aftermath of all this, but Proctor made the right choice. He was concerned about having his â€Å"confession† made public. He was primarily afraid that his sons would never respect him and would think of him as craven fo r giving into the court. He died for the good of his family, not himself.

Course Study Calcuttas metro Essay

The first main concern for the construction of the project is the funds. So as the mayor of Calcutta my first step is to get the funds required to start up this project. These funds would be acquired from various sources like donations, taxes, and loans. Once the funds are acquired, the next step would be to look into the plan of the project. I would take the opinion of a few well-known engineers before an actual plan is taken up. I would make it a point to see to it that the various pros and cons of different plans are taken into consideration before starting the project. Then I would select that project which would give us the maximum benefits within the obtainable budget and least disturbances to the normal life in the city. I would consider the efficient labor to carry on the work of this project. I would play close attention and make sure that all the basic facilities that are required by the citizens would not be disturbed due to the commencement of this project. Every possible option would be exhausted to make sure that the project would not cause any kind of inconvenience to the normal life of the citizens. In my opinion there is no such thing as bad luck and nothing happens by chance. Everything is planned and has a definite purpose. It is only our hard work that will make us or break us. Therefore, it is important to take into consideration a 360 degree view of any problem before we solve it. If the situation is looked upon from only one angle, then all the disadvantages of the remaining angles will occur. Although it may be a little time consuming and painful in the beginning, it is important to know that the hard work pays it all. Had the mayor seen the consequences of starting this project from various points of view. I believe this situation would not have been escal ated at all.

Football Factory Blog

Not Just A Sport In the novel â€Å"Football Factory† written by John King, we follow a group of Chelsea hooligans in the present England. I think of this novel as an extremely realistic and kind of frightening novel. Together, we follow the main character’s life as a football hooligan. The life of the main character is filled with violence, alcohol and sex, in which his lovely friends accompany him. Through the novel we are bound to listen to his friends’ nasty thoughts and actions. At some point in the novel the main character and the boys watches the film Clockwork Orange, as they have done so many times before.The Clockwork Orange is basically just a couple of guys giving beatings and rapes women for the fun of it. This makes me think of Football Factory of an updated version of Clockwork orange, just not to the same extent. In the novel we don’t have the â€Å"normal† narrative-style. We don’t see a real plot in the novel as such. Itâ₠¬â„¢s more like a story going on and on about his life without a greater meaning. One thing in particular I liked about this novel was the fight scenes. At these points in the novel, I would enjoy reading it.I would suddenly become interested and I would read at a fast pace due to the great and realistic writing. When there were no fighting I would keep losing track and get distracted. Our main character starts questioning himself and his own actions while he is being formed into a somewhat reasonable man. He starts believing he isn’t on the right path. Personally I wouldn’t recommend this novel to any of my friends, as I don’t think they would be interested, since the narrative style is far from usual. Otherwise, an interesting novel.

Fbs Nc2 Reviewer

FOOD AND BEVERAGE NCII REVIEWER Possible Questions for Oral Questioning What is 3 Bucket Method? ?  Washing ?  Rinsing ?  Sanitizing What is 3S? ?  Scrape ?  Segregate ?  Stack What is the basic function of food service attendant (bartender, receptionist, waiter or any other position)? How do you handle guest complaint? H- hear (listen and identify complaint) E – Empathize A- Apologize R – Respond (inform supervisor) T – Take action What are the types of food service? Explain each service.   America  Service or plated service – food is already prepared in the kitchen in individual plates with garnish and accompaniment and plate is served individually to guests ? Russian service or platter service – food is arranged in a platter and waiter serve the food from the platter to the guests plate using a tong ? French or gueridon service – chef or head waiter prepare the food on the table side with some showmanship. Gueridon service for it uses gueridon trolley ? Buffet Service- guests line up to get their food in the buffet table ? Banquet Service – for group of persons and with fixed price ?Family Service – food are prepared in the kitchen, placed in a platter and served in a platter on the table. ?  English Service – private dinner with fine dining set-up and typically with wine service ? Luriat Service – plate of food complete with rice, meat, vegetable and dessert/ plate with complete meal ? Apartment or Blue Plate Service – similar to family Service with difference in location as it is held in an apartment ? Tray Service – food is served with the use of a tray What are the examples of unsanitary/ sanitary practices? Differentiate American Service (Plated) from Russian Service (Platter).What are the common factors that need to be considered in putting up you own restaurant? ?  Capital/ Budget ?  Location ?  Target Market ?  Competitors ?  Manning â€⠀œ quality, trained staff ?  Knowledgeable about the Business ?  Food Costing ?  Safety and Sanitation of the Area ?  Requirements & Permits ?  Equipments ?  Product/ Source of Ingredients ?  Product Development Cite examples of the different areas of the restaurant. Tell something about the area. ?  Cashier's Area ?  Dining Area – where guests are seated to eat, ?  Dishwashing Area – where cutleries, dishes and other equipments are washed, rinsed and sanitized.It is placed inside the kitchen ? Food Preparation Area – aka kitchen ?  Dispatching Area ?  Bar Counter ?  Food Display Counter ?  Service Station or Side Stand What is restaurant? Types of restaurant. ?  Fine Dining ?  Coffee shop ?  Industrial, Student Canteen/ Cafeteria What are the procedures in fine dining? How do you rate your self 1-10 base, 10 as the highest, on your demonstration? Did you pass or fail? Why? What are the things needed in preparing the table for s ervice? ?  China ?  Glasses ?  Cloth ?  Cutleries What are the considerations when preparing the table for service?   Check equipment, check the table and then sanitize the table. How do you sanitize your hands? ?  Wash hands for 20 sec with sanitizer/ soap and water ?  Wash up to your elbow ?  Rinse hand thoroughly ?  Dry hands using single service towel or paper towels What are the qualification(s) of a good food service attendant? ?  Service-oriented, meaning you are knowledgeable of your job roles and functions. How do you check condition of the table (and utensils) prior to service? ?  Actual checking ?  Types of Kitchen ?  Cold – Salad, Dessert ?  Hot – Entree, Soup, AppetizerTIPS – FBS NC II Assessment TIPS 1. Check table, chair and utensils and other items for cracks, chips and stains  through actual checking. 2. All forks are placed on the left side, except for the cocktail fork. 3. Pull out unneeded cutleries and china and set-up the needed  base on the order of the guest. 4. When guests are already seated, approach the table within 30 seconds. 5. If tied up with other guest, approach and tell the guest you'll get to them in a few seconds. 6. Maintain positive attitude: a. Friendly but not familiar b. No handshake, no pat on the back c. Do not stare 7.Be calm, relaxed and focused on guest. 8. Keep voice on comfortable level, speak slowly. 9. Offer appealing suggestion or  suggestive selling  before, while and after dinner. 10. Describe menu to guest. Use words such as fresh, fluffy, hand whipped, light, popular, delicious, tender, juicy, homemade 11. When taking the order, code your check if guest is many. | | 12. When taking order of group, move around the table. 13. Do not talk over guest. 14. Repeat order, if not sure. 15. Take menu when leaving. 16. Do not touch the napkin or any other item, when still asking for permission. 7. Transfer food ASAP 18. When presenting the check/ bill, never a ssume and never ask who is paying. Put the check on the table face down. For 2 or more guests, place check in the middle of the table. 19. Do not cross median  when placing utensils and order of the guest. 20. For complaints, use your H-E-A-R-T! H- hear (listen and identify complaint) E – Empathize A- Apologize R – Respond (inform supervisor) T – Take action 21. Dispose leftover following the  3S (Scrape, Segregate, Stack) 22. When stocking: ?  Biggest to smallest ?  Do not stock too high ?  By 10s only   When clearing the dining area start with the cruet set, then silverwares, chinaware and finally the water goblet. ?  When cutleries are touched in critical area, replace and apologize to the guest. ?  When guest ordered 2 salad/ soup/ appetizer/ entree/ beverage/ dessert, ask the guest which one do they prefer to be served first. ?  When serving the food/ beverage,  mention the name of the food/ beverage. Critical Mistakes in FBS: ?  Faili ng to Link ?  Serving the wrong food ?  Wrong cutlery set up ?  Failing to repeat order ?  No suggestive selling ?  Forgetting to give copy of receipt to guest   When cutleries are touched in critical area, replace and apologize to the guest. ?  Right side of the guest: ?  Beverages ?  Dishing out ?  Presentation of the Bill ?  Left side of the guest: ?  Presentation of menu list (hold menu list with left hand with the menu facing out) ? Taking orders ?  Delivery of food ?  On Fine Dining, no table napking wrapped around the pitcher. ?  Avoid transferring tray from one hand to the other to avoid accidents. ?  On Fine Dining, when guest did not order for soup nor salad get the table napkin and place on the left side of the guest and dish out the show plate.   On suggestive selling, start w/ main dish especially if asked â€Å"what is your specialty? † ?  Colored teapot – for black coffee White teapot – for hot water ?  Dishin g out, 3x only: ?  Cruet set ?  Plates and cutleries ?  Water goblet ?  Mese-en-place in 5 minutes only ?  During set-up/ mese-en-place, 4 deliveries only: ?  Cruet set ?  Cutleries and bread plate (6 pcs) ?  Show plate and folded napkin ?  Water goblet ?  In room service, on the trolley ?  First Layer (Top): o  Cruet set o  Paper napkin holder w/ paper napkin o  Toothpick o  Water goblet w/ cover o  Collin glass w/ cover   (Bottled water) o  Water container/ pitcher o  Teapot o  Cup and saucer o  Extra table napkin o  Cutleries covered w/ table napkin o  Food w/ cover (if space is enough) ?  Second Layer o  Bill tray Third Layer o  Table cloth o  Sanitizing agent and wiping cloth ?  In room service, do not give copy of receipt if guest paid using ‘charged to room†. Just let the guest sign the receipt. ?  In room service, if guest ordered for bread place the butter spreader next to the dinner fork. ?  In suggest ive selling (room service), do not ask questions answerable by â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no. † e. g.We serve fresh fruits like orange, apple, mango. ?  In room service: ?  Suggestive selling ?  Additional request ?  Good for how many†¦. then repeat order ?  When wiping table, counter clockwise direction. ?  In Fine Dining, when guest have no reservation and paid thru signing privilege do not forget to get the name of the guest and the name of the company and its address. Verify at the counter. ?  In fine dining, when guest ordered for additional rice place it in the bread plate and place on the bread plate position. ?  Leave on the trolley, place the food and beverage according to proper clocking.Table Skirting Tips: ?  Be playful with colors. Careful some colors do not go well. ?  Communicate with your supervisor, caterer and clients. ?  Cater or follow your guest specifications and wants. ?  Typically, the presidential and buffet table are the only table with skirting. Food and Beverage Services (FBS) NC II Free Reviewer Types of Services Banquet (Bukcet) Service †¢ For group of person †¢ Fixed price †¢ e. g. typical function Family Service †¢ Food are prepared in the kitchen and served in platter in the table †¢ Started by head of the family English Service Private dinner †¢ Typical private dinner †¢ Fine dining set-up †¢ w/ Wine service Luriat Service †¢ A plate with rice, meat, vegetable & dessert †¢ Big plate with complete meal Apartment/ Blue Plate Service †¢ Similar with family service, difference is location †¢ Located in apartment Tray Service Types of Menu 1. A la Carte – combo meal 2. Table d' Hote – Specific Menu w/ specific price Classes of Menu 1. Special party – e. g. weddings, baptismal 2. Cycle – preparation of food is combination of lunch and dinner Menu Functions 1. Breakfast 2. Morning/ A. M. Snack 3.Brunch (Breakfas t + Lunch) 4. Lunch 5. Afternoon/ P. M. Snack (2 – 3 P. M. ) 6. Merienda Cena (5 P. M. ) 7. Dinner 8. Midnight Snack Food Sequence 1. Appetizer 2. Soup 3. Salad 4. Main Course/ Entree 5. Dessert 6. Beverages Silverwares: Spoon SPOONS †¢ Sugar spoon – a piece of cutlery used for serving granulated sugar. This type of spoon resembles a teaspoon except that the bowl is deeper and often molded in the shape of a sea shell, giving it the name sugar shell. Sugar spoons are sometimes called â€Å"sugar shovels† because of their rectangular shape and deep bowl.   Ice Cream Spoon †¢ Dessert spoon — intermediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon, used in eating dessert and sometimes soup or cereals. †¢ Teaspoon — small, suitable for stirring and sipping tea or coffee, standard capacity one third of a tablespoon. Examples: o Grapefruit spoon or orange spoon — tapers to a sharp point or teeth, used for citrus fruits and melons o iced tea spoon/ Long tea spoon — with a very long handle †¢ Soup spoon — with a large or rounded bowl for eating soup. Example: o cream-soup spoon — round-bowled, slightly shorter than a standard soup spoon Dinner spoon †¢ Table spoon Silverware: Forks ?  Cocktail fork –  A small fork resembling a trident, used for spearing cocktail garnishes such as olives. ?  Cake fork ?  Tea fork ?  Escargot –  or snail fork is a two-pronged small fork used to eat escargot or snails, a French delicacy. ?  Dessert fork –  a fork used for eating certain desserts, usually somewhat smaller than a dinner fork. ?  Fish fork ?  Salad fork –  Similar to a regular fork, but may be shorter, or have one of the outer tines shaped differently. ?  Dinner fork ?  Table fork Silverwares: Knives   Bread and butter spreader ?  Salad knife ?  Dinner knife ?  Cocktail / Fish knife Types of Chinaware According to Material U sed 1. Melamine (Plastic) 2. Ceramic (Clay) 3. Porcelain 4. Transparent Glass Chinaware ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Show Plate/ Underliner –  11 – 12  Ã‚  inches in diameter, underline for starters ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dinner Plate –  11 inches in diameter, for main course like steaks, Continental/ American breakfast, plated foods ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soup bowl –  9 – 10 inches in diameter, container for cream soup,  (used for thick soup with underliner)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fish Plate –  9 inches in diameter for fish appetizers like smoked salmon, tanguigue, chef plate, sushi, sashimi and etc. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salad Plate and Salad Bowl –à ‚  8-8. 5 inches in diameter, container/underliner for vegetable or fruit salad ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dessert Plate –  6. 5 – 7 inches ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bread Plate –  7. 5 inches in diameter for bread and butter served on the side of the cover ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bouillon or Consomme Cup –  container for clear soup like beef consomme, clear vegetable soup and etc. ,  (used for serving clear soup e. g. inigang) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sauce Boat ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monkey Dish –  container for sauces like gravy, tempura sauce, etc. and SOY  DISH  for kikkoman/ soy sauce, calamansi, pati, vinegar (for serving dipping sauce/ sawsawan) ?  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Demitasse saucer and cup –  4 inches in diameter, underline for demitasse cup, usually used for cafe  espresso and hot chocolate ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cup ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Saucer –  6 inches in diameter, used for coffee underliner, maybe used also for dessert ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cereal Bowl –  container for cereals like arroz caldo, oats and etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cruet Set* –  vase with salt and pepper shaker ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bell* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Egg cup holder* –  for containing hard boiled e ggs ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tea Ball* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coaster –  stainless is used as cover and wood or plastic as underliner* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napkin* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food Cover* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bill Holder* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oval Plate ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pitcher –  either stainless or glass, when used to serve water it should have a napkin* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teapot ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coffee Pot –  b igger than the teapotTypes of Glasses ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tumbler ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Footed ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stem –  For serving wine and cocktails. They all have a long stem that you hold to drink the liquid inside so that the temperature of your hand on the bowl of the glass won’t warm or affect the temperature of the drink. These include: 1. Champagne flute glasses. This type of drink glass has a long stem and a long narrow bowl. 2. Cocktail glass. This is often called a martini glass. The bowl is triangular in shape so that it almost forms a right angle from the tip of the cone to the cross section of the bowl. . Sherry glass. This drink glass has a stem for holding but the bowl of the glass is rounder and larger than the typical types of stemware. The standard size is one that holds about 4 ounces of s herry or wine. 4. Snifter. This is a balloon shape wine glass in which the bowl is narrower at the top than at the bottom. It is mostly used for serving brandy. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mug Glasses 1. Parfait glass/ Sundae This glass has a similar inwards curve to that of a hurricane glass, with a steeper outwards rim and larger, rounded bowl. Often used for drinks containing fruit or ice cream.Typical Size: 12 oz. 2. Cocktail glass/ Martini Glass This glass has a triangle-bowl design with a long stem, and is used for a wide range of straight-up (without ice) cocktails, including martinis, manhattans, metropolitans, and gimlets. Also known as a martini glass. Typical Size: 4-12 oz. 3. Sherbet  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ used for ice cream 4. Margarita/coupette glass This slightly larger and rounded approach to a cocktail glass has a broad-rim for holding salt, ideal for margarita's. It is also used in daiquiris and other fruit drinks. Typical Size: 12 oz. 5. Cordial glassSmall and stemmed glasses used for serving small portions of your favourite liquors at times such as after a meal. Typical Size: 2 oz. 7. Shot glass A small glass suitable for vodka, whiskey and other liquors. Many â€Å"shot† mixed drinks also call for shot glasses. Typical Size: 1. 5 oz. 8. Water Goblet/ Banquet Goblet 9. Red wine glass A clear, thin, stemmed glass with a round bowl tapering inward at the rim. Typical Size: 8 oz. 10. Champagne flute This tulip shaped glass is designed to show off the waltzing bubbles of the wine as they brush against the side of the glass and spread out into a sparkling mousse.Typical Size: 6 oz. 11. White wine glass A clear, thin, stemmed glass with an elongated oval bowl tapering inward at the rim. Typical Size: 12. 5 oz. 12. Old-fashioned glass A short, round so called â€Å"rocks† glass, suitable for cocktails or liquor served on the rocks, or â€Å"with a splash†. Typical Size: 8-10 oz. 13. Highball g lass A straight-sided glass, often an elegant way to serve many types of mixed drinks, like those served on the rocks, shots, and mixer combined liquor drinks (ie. gin and tonic). Typical Size: 8-12 oz. 14. Collins glassShaped similarly to a highball glass, only taller, the collins glass was originally used for the line of collins gin drinks, and is now also commonly used for soft drinks, alcoholic juice, and tropical/exotic juices such as Mai Tai's. Typical Size: 14 oz. 15. Beer mug The traditional beer container. Typical Size: 16 oz. 16. Brandy snifter The shape of this glass concentrates the alcoholic odors to the top of the glass as your hands warm the brandy. Typical Size: 17. 5 oz. 17. Coffee mug The traditional mug used for hot coffee. Typical Size: 12-16 oz. 18. Hurricane glassA tall, elegantly cut glass named after it's hurricane-lamp-like shape, used for exotic/tropical drinks. Typical Size: 15 oz. 19. Pousse-cafe glass A narrow glass essentially used for pousse caf? s and other layered dessert drinks. It's shape increases the ease of layering ingredients. Typical Size: 6 oz. 20. Sherry glass The preferred glass for aperitifs, ports, and sherry. The copita, with it's aroma enhancing narrow taper, is a type of sherry glass. Typical Size: 2 oz. 21. Whiskey sour glass Also known as a delmonico glass, this is a stemmed, wide opening glass, alike to a small version of a champagne flute.Typical Size: 5 oz. Types of Beverages ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Alcoholic: 1. Water 2. Juice 3. Coffee 4. Tea ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcoholic ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spirits 3 Bucket Method 1. Washing 2. Rinsing 3. Sanitizing Napkin Folds 1. Fleur de Leis Fan 2. Birds of Paradise 3. Japanese Princess 4. Cardinal 5. Waiter's Jacket 6. The Candlestick 7. Double Candlestick 8. Candle Fan 9. Japanese Fan 10. French Fan 11. The Bat 12. Plain Fold 13. Sea Breeze 14. Flute 15. Star 16. Pyramid 17. Four Candle 18. Lotus/ water Lily 19. Cutlery Holder 20. Pineapple 21. Peacock 22. Bishop's Hat/ Mitre 3. Blossom 24. Candy 25. Cross 26. Candle with Flame 27. Small Candle with Flame 28. Petticoat Tail 29. Snail (Star with fold above) 30. Portfolio 31. Maria Clara 32. Cross Row 33. French Fold 34. Picnic Pocket 35. Rose Twirl 36. Square Dance 37. Lady Dress 38. T-shirt 39. Cat's Paw 40. Deco Bar Items ? Wine Bucket ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaker 2 Types: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston  Type (Body, Strainer, Cap) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glass ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bottle and Wine Opener ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chopping Board –  used for garnishing ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knife ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fruit Picker   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jigger –  used for measuring liquors and liqueurs ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tong ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bar Strainer ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bar Spoon (with/ fruit picker) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muddler –  used for crushing fruits ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baller –  used for garnishing ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ice Scooper ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ice Pick –  used for cracking ice ?  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can Opening ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lime Squeezer ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pour Spout Basic Set-Up Skills 1. Polishing silverware ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moist linen ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not leave finger print 2. Placing silver/ utensils   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hold silverwares on the sides with thumb and index finger supported in the middle by the middle finger ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napkin Folding ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water Serving ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3/4s of goblet only, about an inch from the rim ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food Placement: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serving Food: Order of Service: a. Women served first, oldest to youngest b. Men served next, oldest to youngest c. Serve food counterclockwise using left hand and on left side of guest d. Serve beverage clockwise using right hand on the right side of the guest ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Placement of Glasses

Commemorative Speech-My Father Essay

Over the years his real job has come with many different titles. For 50 years he has been a son and brother, for 31 he has been a loving father, for 26 he has been a dedicated husband, for 5 he has been a grandfather, and for 18 years and counting he has been and will always be my mentor. Today I would like to honor my father John Zachary Smith, and explain to you how and why he has become my mentor. Standing at exactly 6 feet tall, sporting dark black hair and tan skin, being loud, extremely talkative and radiating with energy, are just a few characteristics that can be attributed to his Italian heritage. When introducing himself to someone new, he reaches out his rough and calloused hand giving them a firm handshake and replies â€Å"My name’s John Smith, really honest†. My father has the ability to make friends with anyone because he is truly a real joy to be around. He sparks conversations with people and it would seem that were best friends. My father never lets an opportunity pass to teach his children. Being a father alone is difficult, but finding the time to impact each and every life of those seven children is a completely different rigorous task. Dad has taken this as a challenge and a life-long goal. My dad has taught me lots of things there is to know about many different subjects. Because of him I have learned to change tires on a car, because of him I have learned how to respect my siblings, because of him I have learned to cherish the moments in everyday life, because of him I have learned to have more confidence in myself. Moving away from home and being in college, I look back on my years at home with a little bit of sadness and tad bit of regret. I realize that I took my father for granted. When I would complain about how much homework a teacher had given me, I never once heard him complain about staying late after work. When I would complain about not having the latest outfit, I never once heard him complain about the worn out jeans and shoes he always wore. When I would complain about being tired, I never once heard my father say how exhausted he was from working long hours. My father was the hardest worker I know. My father and mother together have raised seven children. While my mom stayed at home taking care of the young ones, my father would be working to provide for his young family. When the children reached schooling age, my parents were smart with the money my father diligently worked for. When sending their children to a local public school would be easy and cost much less.

Computer and Network Hardware Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Computer and Network Hardware - Assignment Example A router is necessary in a network in that they are the paths through which creation of layer 3 takes place (Lammle, 2008). Layer 3 refers to the gateway through which the data transmitted in a network operates and this mainly takes place in OSI model. Routers make use of Internet Protocol commonly known as IP address to pass data across the network. Routers are common in Local Area Networks (LAN) (Lammle, 2008). A collision domain is where collision of data packets takes place on a shared medium mostly in Ethernet networking (Lammle, 2008). On the other hand, a broadcast domain is where any connected device to the network is capable of transmitting data to the other. In a broadcast domain, the data does not have to pass through a router. Finally, a network segment refers to any section of a workstation network depending on the devices used in the network. LAN segmentation is one of the common methods of creating collision domain (Medhi, 2007). The configurations depend on networks needed. With LAN, it is possible to extend the network and isolate faulty networks. It also helps to improve the network security and applicable in creating network domains (Medhi, 2007). LAN segmentation makes of bridges, network switches and routers in configuring the required

Enlightenment Age to Post-Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enlightenment Age to Post-Modernism - Essay Example The paper "Enlightenment Age to Post-Modernism" discusses various historical and cultural eras in the world’s history. This study analyzes Enlightenment, Romanticism, Modernism and post modernism. The enlightenment era is a period in world’s history that stretches between seventeenth century and early eighteenth century. This age is sometimes referred to as the age of reason. It was a period considered to be the maturity of reason after its rebirth in the renaissance period. It was marked by new discoveries in science for example Galileo Galilei invention of a telescope that he used to discover and accept that indeed Copernican was right in saying that the sun was at the centre and that all planet revolve round it. Rational or intellectual capabilities and a rise in technology were among the many characteristics of this age. It was dramatized with revolutions. Industrial revolution for instance marked a total change in lifestyle whereby we see a movement from manual lab or to mechanical labor. People’s life standard improved since they could be employed to work in these industries and earn income. It is during this time that we see the rise in thinking; a change in societal, cultural and political attitudes. It is during this time that we see the society producing intellectuals who emphasize on reason alone. Scientific philosophies like the empiricism and rationalism became the focal point of departure. Philosophers like Rene Descartes, Leibniz, David Hume and Emmanuel Kant among others emerge. Their main focus was to move the society from centralized church governance to a level where every individual’s life counts; that the church’s authority needed to be decentralized. It is during this time that we see the ant Christian movements: a claim that God having created the Universe left it alone to be controlled by natural laws. In relation to the above point, the book, Discourse on Method, written by Rene Descartes, establishes a clear methodology of thinking which he calls deductive reasoning whereby one begins by doubting everything until he can no more doubt his own existence â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum,† meaning â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† The fact that I doubt everything, I cannot doubt my own existence. However, as the great period of enlightenment continued, it faced a lot of rebellion from the emerging group of people who were against the principles of strict adherence to logic and clarity This deviation from restraint, clarity, and reason resulted in the beginning of the Romantic Age in English literature. From the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century, Romanticism came into play as the major form of literary expression of the time. The Romantic view emphasized emotion, nature, mysteriousness, and self discovery, among others. The idea is that every one needed to learn and interpret reality according to his or her own experience; rather avoid thinking with our own heads high, everyth ing is not about ideas. Jane Eyre clearly demonstrates this romanticism in her own experiences, first, mystery in the red room which later helps her to realize herself discovery a thing that unfolds the truth in order for her to find a better place in this world. She clearly portrays a kind of woman who breaks and gets out of women slavery and conformity of the society and indeed moves to take up bigger roles and responsibilities out of her own independence and separation from the traditions of the society. She is a great figure of the romantic age since she shows how

Marketing Strategy for Hair Extensions and Beauty Products Research Paper

Marketing Strategy for Hair Extensions and Beauty Products - Research Paper Example Behavioral segmentation involves observing how customers use products and media, purchasing behavior and ownership. Psychological segmentation involves using the lifestyles of customers, the types of benefits sought by customers and customers’ attitudes and perceptions. We shall use all different attributes from each of the three segmentation bases to help us identify possible target markets. Our approach for doing this will be the breakdown approach which considers the market as consisting of customers that are essentially the same, thus our job would be to identify groups sharing particular differences. Our core products are hair extensions and beauty products. The hair extension products shall be targeted at women whereas the beauty products shall have products targeting both men and women. Targeting both men and women in our beauty products will enable us to use complementarity of our products between the sexes to create a market positioning. The economic environment for o ur targeted customer, in North America and Europe, is still in recovery mode, thus many consumers have low discretionary income. The level of discretionary income affects our products because they do not fall under the essential products category. For this reason we shall target midlife independents (35–54 year olds who are not married and do not live with relations) and unconstrained couples (35–54 year olds who are married but do not live with son/daughter). These two life-stage groups are likely to have a job (in the current low jobs market) and have higher discretionary income because of fewer life-obligations such as not living with relatives, living single or married with two sources of income. Lastly, we cannot ignore the importance of geographic variables on our products. People in different continents tend to have different skin care concerns based on their skin pigmentation and climatic conditions. For example, women leaving in coastal regions will need skin care products with lower moisture content in comparison to their counterparts living in dry, inland areas. Competitors Two of direct competitors are NIVEA by Beiersdorf AG for beauty products and SHE by SO.CAP for hair extensions. NIVEA has a broad and deep product range for both men and women beauty products. It is also a strong and global brand. NIVEA’s product positioning strategy is a mix of both functional and expressive positioning. In its functional positioning strategy NIVEA focuses on use, for example, its sun care range highlights different products that match different needs such as sensitive skin or after the sun. In its expressive positioning strategy NIVEA speaks of its heritage as a symbol of knowledge and experience e.g. on its UK website it says â€Å"NIVEA: 100 years feeling closer†(NIVEA, 2012). NIVEA’s current positioning is delivering a heritage in beauty products in an extensive range of products. SHE by SO.CAP USA, on the other hand, is a subsidiary of the 40 year old Italian Company, SO.CAP. s.r.l (SO.CAP, 2012). SHE is a functionally positioned brand that focuses on the features. For example, it emphasizes the fact that their hair extensions are hand selected and 100% European-type human hair that is pre-bonded with 100% Keratin (SO.CAP, 2012). However, it is not as globally-recognized brand as NIVEA. It promises to deliver to the customer the largest selection of hair types and hair color. According to a research conducted by

How i plan to study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How i plan to study - Essay Example [Author not known1, 2005].The first step of my study plan is to diligently attend all the lectures pertaining to my subject and try to seek clarification in case of any doubts regarding the topic discussed . The next step is to identify the important points . I will capture the main ideas in the form of notes. [Landsberger, 2005]. I will utilize mind-mapping technique because it is an effective tool of taking notes. It is a technique of taking notes through key words and images. This method helps in quick jotting down of relevant information and is an effective method to remember and review the contents of the lectures. In mind mapping technique, the sentences and paragraphs will be represented in the form of key words and images. Circle the most important word represented by symbol or phrase. Write the related topic outside the circle close to each other. Gradually, the map expands in the direction the topic navigates. This helps the topic in being more specific or detailed. [Landsberger, 2005] Thirdly, I will link and cross-reference key words and images utilized in the mind maps. [Author not known2, 2005]. This will help me to relate to the key notes, phrases, questions and images mentioned in the notes. Fourthly, I will memorize the contents learnt in the classroo

Democracies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Democracies - Essay Example However, different inaugurals, studies, and declarations such as; The Four Freedoms which were presented by Franklin D. Roosevelt for the strengthening of democracy; the UDHR; President Obama’s Second Inaugural; etc. This paper critically analyzes these articles and declarations on the topic which are in significant relevance with each other; UDHR and Four Freedoms and Kaplan’s Article and Obama’s Second Inaugural. Moreover, it will also highlight the impacts on each other. Likewise, other responsible democracies of the world, United States also have great respect and serious interest towards democracy and human rights. These components have long been the core focus of the U.S. Foreign Policy. The increased emphasis on democracy by its leaders, government, and other concerned authorities is because of the fact that it allows them to advance their national interests on global levels. Moreover, the freedom for religion and the workers and labor rights as essential American ideologies are also well promoted through it. It is believed by the U.S. Government and people of U.S. that, democratic nations have more contribution towards global peace; it helps in diminishing aggression; allows expanding open markets, and ensures and safeguard the basic rights of Americans (Patterson). It is due to these reasons that many U.S. Presidents have addressed the topic of democracy and has shown its importance in their speeches at different occasions. Similarly, different institutions and the UN have also highlighted its significance. The UDHR in 1948 was also presented to show the vitality of the human rights. It was due to this declaration that the organized community of nations declared the human rights and the relevant essential freedoms for the first time (United Nations). However, the declaration was presented for democracies all over the world and was conceived as ‘a common standard of achievement for all people and nations’ (United Nation s). It was formulated to measure and identify the level and degree of respect for an agreement with the international human rights principles. Varying from economic, social, cultural, to political rights, to which all individuals are authorized without any differentiation, the UDHR consists of 30 articles (United Nations). Declaring all humans as equal individuals since their birth (Article 1), the UDHR is a complete set of rules. The economic, cultural and social rights to humans are mentioned in Articles 22-27. All individuals are declared as equal members of the society (Article 22). The declaration’s mandate limits everyone and every state and government to provide all humans the same rights without any discrimination (Article 2). The declaration in its 4th Article also highlights the curse of slavery telling that no one should be held in slavery or servitude (United Nations). The right to justice is also declared to all individuals and that all of them can make use of th e right before the law as a person everywhere. Right to privacy (Article 12) and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion is also declared to all in Article 18. Article 19 deals with the freedom of expression and speech. The declaration also deals with religion giving every human equal right for it (Article 26). The United Nation’s, UDHR worked as a chief declaration for the human rights and many democratic states including U.S. followed it with its full implementation. However, the